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Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 (BTV-3): Preparing for the New Risk Season


In 2024, Central Europe faced a significant outbreak of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 3 (BTV-3), affecting multiple countries and causing widespread concern among livestock farmers and veterinary authorities. As we move into the new risk season, it's crucial to remain vigilant and prepared.

Outbreak Overview

The outbreak began in late August 2023, with the first case detected in Norfolk, England. By December 2024, BTV-3 had spread to numerous countries, including Norway, Czechia, Austria, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, Greece, and Poland[1][2]. The virus primarily affects ruminants such as sheep, cattle, and goats, causing symptoms like fever, swelling, and hemorrhages.

Spread and Impact

The rapid spread of BTV-3 was facilitated by the movement of infected animals and the activity of Culicoides midges, which are the primary vectors for the virus. By the end of 2024, over 5,900 outbreaks had been reported across Europe[2]. Countries like Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands saw significant numbers of cases, with Germany reporting 47 outbreaks and Belgium 7[2].

European Outbreaks 2024 - 2025 (March). WAHIS Database


Livestock Losses

The BTV-3 outbreak led to substantial livestock losses across Central Europe. In Germany alone, the outbreak resulted in the loss of approximately 15,000 sheep and 5,000 cattle[2]. Belgium reported the culling of around 3,000 sheep and 1,200 cattle[2]. The economic impact of these losses was significant, with farmers facing financial strain due to the loss of livestock and the costs associated with control measures.

Economic Impact

The economic repercussions of the BTV-3 outbreak were profound. The direct costs included the culling of infected animals, estimated at over €20 million in Germany alone[2]. Additionally, the outbreak led to trade restrictions, affecting the export of livestock and livestock products. The European livestock market experienced a downturn, with prices for sheep and cattle dropping by 15-20%[2]. The cost of vaccination campaigns and other control measures added further financial burdens on farmers and governments.

Control Measures

In response to the outbreak, affected countries implemented strict control measures, including movement restrictions, culling of infected animals, and vaccination campaigns. Temporary control zones were established around affected farms to prevent further spread[2]. The availability of vaccines played a crucial role in controlling the outbreak, although the rapid spread of the virus posed significant challenges.

https://food.ec.europa.eu/document/download/0c2e7ca6-96eb-42e9-830e-27f43a3a01ba_en?filename=ad_control-measures_bt_restrictedzones-map.pdf
Bluetongue - Map with the Member States and zones with their disease status

Preparing for the New Risk Season

As we enter the new risk season, it's essential to stay alert and proactive. The following measures can help mitigate the impact of future outbreaks:

  1. Enhanced Surveillance: Continuous monitoring of livestock and early detection of symptoms are vital. Farmers should report any signs of illness immediately.
  2. Vaccination: Ensuring that livestock are vaccinated against BTV-3 can significantly reduce the risk of infection.
  3. Biosecurity Measures: Implementing strict biosecurity protocols, such as controlling the movement of animals and maintaining hygiene standards, can help prevent the spread of the virus.
  4. Vector Control: Reducing the population of Culicoides midges through environmental management and insecticides can limit the transmission of the virus.

Conclusion

The 2024 BTV-3 outbreak in Central Europe serves as a reminder of the importance of vigilance and preparedness in managing animal diseases. As we face the new risk season, continued efforts in surveillance, vaccination, and biosecurity are essential to protect the livestock industry from similar outbreaks in the future.

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